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Found  122  courses

Jun 25th 2012
8 weeks long

Vaccines

Paul Offit, MD

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Jun 25th 2012
10 weeks long

Fundamentals of Pharmacology

Emma Meagher, MD

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Jun 25th 2012
8 weeks long

Health Policy and the Affordable Care Act

Ezekiel Emanuel, MD, PhD

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Jul 13th 2012
5 weeks long

Software Engineering for SaaS

Armando Fox, David Patterson

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

Jul 17th 2012
8 weeks long

Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Computation

Umesh Vazirani

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

Jul 23rd 2012
10 weeks long

Fantasy and Science Fiction: The Human Mind, Our Modern World

Eric Rabkin

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Jul 23rd 2012
7 weeks long

Internet History, Technology, and Security

Charles Severance

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Jul 23rd 2012
10 weeks long

Introduction to Finance

Gautam Kaul

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Jul 23rd 2012
7 weeks long

Listening to World Music

Carol Muller

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Aug 12th 2012
6 weeks long

Algorithms, Part I

Robert Sedgewick, Kevin Wayne

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

Aug 20th 2012
10 weeks long

Machine Learning

Andrew Ng, Associate Professor

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Aug 27th 2012
10 weeks long

Web Intelligence and Big Data

Gautam Shroff

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI

INDRAPRASTHA INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DELHI

Aug 27th 2012
8 weeks long

Introduction to Sustainability

Jonathan Tomkin

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

Aug 27th 2012
6 weeks long

Cryptography

Dan Boneh, Professor

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Aug 27th 2012
6 weeks long

Gamification

Kevin Werbach

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Sep 3rd 2012
10 weeks long

Model Thinking

Scott E. Page

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Sep 3rd 2012
5 weeks long

Securing Digital Democracy

J. Alex Halderman

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Sep 3rd 2012
6 weeks long

Statistics One

Andrew Conway

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

Sep 4th 2012
10 weeks long

Introduction to Computational Finance and Financial Econometrics

Eric Zivot

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

Sep 10th 2012
10 weeks long

Modern & Contemporary American Poetry

Al Filreis

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Sep 10th 2012
6 weeks long

Networked Life

Michael Kearns

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Sep 17th 2012
10 weeks long

Networks: Friends, Money, and Bytes

Mung Chiang

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

Sep 17th 2012
8 weeks long

Neural Networks for Machine Learning

Geoffrey Hinton

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Sep 17th 2012
7 weeks long

Introduction to Mathematical Thinking

Keith Devlin

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Sep 17th 2012
12 weeks long

A History of the World since 1300

Jeremy Adelman

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

Sep 18th 2012
7 weeks long

Functional Programming Principles in Scala

Martin Odersky

ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE

Sep 24th 2012
5 weeks long

Human-Computer Interaction

Scott Klemmer, Associate Professor

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Sep 24th 2012
8 weeks long

Bioelectricity: A Quantitative Approach

Roger Coke Barr

DUKE UNIVERSITY

Sep 24th 2012
8 weeks long

Social Network Analysis

Lada Adamic

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Sep 24th 2012
11 weeks long

Probabilistic Graphical Models

Daphne Koller, Professor

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Sep 24th 2012
10 weeks long

Information Security and Risk Management in Context

Barbara Endicott-Popovsky

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

Sep 24th 2012
4 weeks long

Computing for Data Analysis

Roger D. Peng

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

Sep 24th 2012
7 weeks long

Mathematical Biostatistics Boot Camp

Brian Caffo

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

Sep 24th 2012
6 weeks long

Heterogeneous Parallel Programming

Wen-mei W. Hwu

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

Sep 24th 2012

Organizational Analysis

Daniel A. McFarland

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Sep 24th 2012
10 weeks long

Greek and Roman Mythology

Peter Struck

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Sep 24th 2012
6 weeks long

An Introduction to Operations Management

Christian Terwiesch

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Sep 24th 2012
7 weeks long

Learn to Program: The Fundamentals

Jennifer Campbell, Paul Gries

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Sep 24th 2012
NaN weeks long

Writing in the Sciences

Kristin Sainani

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Sep 24th 2012
10 weeks long

Scientific Computing

J. Nathan Kutz

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

Sep 24th 2012
7 weeks long

Introduction to Logic

Michael Genesereth, Associate Professor

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Sep 30th 2012
10 weeks long

Computer Architecture

David Wentzlaff

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

October 2012
6 weeks long

Algorithms: Design and Analysis, Part 2

Tim Roughgarden, Associate Professor

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Oct 15th 2012
8 weeks long

An Introduction to Interactive Programming in Python

Joe Warren, Scott Rixner, John Greiner, Stephen Wong

RICE UNIVERSITY

Oct 22nd 2012
5 weeks long

Community Change in Public Health

William Brieger

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

Oct 22nd 2012
8 weeks long

Design: Creation of Artifacts in Society

Karl T. Ulrich

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Oct 22nd 2012
6 weeks long

Vaccine Trials: Methods and Best Practices

Karen R. Charron, Amber Bickford Cox

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

Oct 22nd 2012
4 weeks long

Principles of Obesity Economics

Kevin Frick

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

November 2012
5 weeks long

Drugs and the Brain

Henry A. Lester

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

November 2012
6 weeks long

Algorithms, Part II

Robert Sedgewick, Kevin Wayne

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

Nov 26th 2012
12 weeks long

Think Again: How to Reason and Argue

Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Ram Neta

DUKE UNIVERSITY

Nov 27th 2012
9 weeks long

Introduction to Astronomy

Ronen Plesser

DUKE UNIVERSITY

January 2013
10 weeks long

Programming Languages

Dan Grossman

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

January 2013
5 weeks long

Contraception: Choices, Culture and Consequences

Jerusalem Makonnen, RN, MSN, FNP

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO

January 2013

Neuroethics

Jonathan D. Moreno, Ph.D.

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

January 2013
4 weeks long

Health for All Through Primary Care

Henry Perry

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

January 2013
10 weeks long

Chemistry: Concept Development and Application

John Steven Hutchinson

RICE UNIVERSITY

January 2013
6 weeks long

Nutrition for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Katie Clark, MPH, RD, CDE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO

January 2013

Computer Vision: From 3D Reconstruction to Visual Recognition

Silvio Savarese, Assistant Professor
Fei-Fei Li, Assistant Professor

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

January 2013
6 weeks long

An Introduction to the U.S. Food System: Perspectives from Public Health

Robert S. Lawrence, Keeve Nachman

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

Jan 7th 2013
9 weeks long

Galaxies and Cosmology

S. George Djorgovski

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Jan 7th 2013
10 weeks long

Principles of Economics for Scientists

Antonio Rangel

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Jan 7th 2013
12 weeks long

Calculus: Single Variable

Robert Ghrist

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Jan 14th 2013
9 weeks long

Image and video processing: From Mars to Hollywood with a stop at the hospital

Guillermo Sapiro

DUKE UNIVERSITY

Jan 21st 2013
6 weeks long

Cryptography II

Dan Boneh, Professor

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Jan 22nd 2013
8 weeks long

Data Analysis

Jeff Leek

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

Jan 23rd 2013
12 weeks long

Introductory Human Physiology

Emma Jakoi, Jennifer Carbrey

DUKE UNIVERSITY

Jan 28th 2013
5 weeks long

Astrobiology and the Search for Extraterrestrial Life

Charles Cockell

UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

Jan 28th 2013
10 weeks long

Introduction to Computer Networks

Arvind Krishnamurthy, David Wetherall, John Zahorjan

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

Jan 28th 2013
6 weeks long

The Social Context of Mental Health and Illness

Charmaine Williams

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Jan 28th 2013
6 weeks long

Clinical Problem Solving

Catherine R Lucey, MD

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO

Jan 28th 2013
5 weeks long

E-learning and Digital Cultures

Jeremy Knox, Sian Bayne, Hamish Macleod, Jen Ross, Christine Sinclair

UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

Jan 28th 2013
5 weeks long

Artificial Intelligence Planning

Gerhard Wickler, Austin Tate

UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

Jan 28th 2013
5 weeks long

Grow to Greatness: Smart Growth for Private Businesses, Part I

Edward D. Hess

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

Jan 28th 2013
7 weeks long

Introduction to Philosophy

Dave Ward, Duncan Pritchard, Michela Massimi, Suilin Lavelle, Matthew Chrisman, Allan Hazlett, Alasdair Richmond

UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

Jan 28th 2013
5 weeks long

Critical Thinking in Global Challenges

Celine Caquineau, Mayank Dutia

UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

February 2013
7 weeks long

Introduction to Sociology

Mitchell Duneier

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

February 2013
8 weeks long

Digital Signal Processing

Paolo Prandoni and Martin Vetterli

ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE

February 2013
5 weeks long

Analytic Combinatorics, Part I

Robert Sedgewick

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

Feb 25th 2013
4 weeks long

Aboriginal Worldviews and Education

Jean-Paul Restoule

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

March 2013
5 weeks long

Analytic Combinatorics, Part II

Robert Sedgewick

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

Mar 25th 2013
8 weeks long

Medical Neuroscience

Leonard E. White

DUKE UNIVERSITY

Mar 25th 2013
6 weeks long

A Beginner's Guide to Irrational Behavior

Dan Ariely

DUKE UNIVERSITY

April 2013
10 weeks long

Computational Neuroscience

Rajesh Rao, Adrienne Fairhall

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

April 2013
10 weeks long

Introduction to Data Science

Bill Howe

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

April 2013

The Hardware/Software Interface

Gaetano Borriello, Luis Ceze

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

Apr 29th 2013
4 weeks long

Grow to Greatness: Smart Growth for Private Businesses, Part II

Edward D. Hess

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

TBA
7 weeks long

Intermediate Organic Chemistry - Part 2

Jeffrey S. Moore

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

TBA
6 weeks long

Computational Investing, Part I

Tucker Balch

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TBA

Know Thyself

Mitchell Green

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

TBA
6 weeks long

Microeconomics Principles

Jose J. Vazquez-Cognet

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

TBA
4 weeks long

Cardiac Arrest, Hypothermia, and Resuscitation Science

Benjamin Abella, MD MPhil

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

TBA
8 weeks long

Computational Photography

Irfan Essa

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TBA

Nanotechnology: The Basics

Vicki Colvin, Daniel Mittleman

RICE UNIVERSITY

TBA
8 weeks long

Natural Language Processing

Dan Jurafsky, Professor. Christopher Manning, Associate Professor

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

TBA
4 weeks long

Basic Behavioral Neurology

Roy Hamilton, MD

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

TBA
6 weeks long

Automata

Jeffrey Ullman, Professor

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

TBA

Introduction to Genome Science

John Hogenesch, John Isaac Murray

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

TBA
9 weeks long

Introduction to Genetics and Evolution

Mohamed Noor

DUKE UNIVERSITY

TBA

Compilers

Alex Aiken, Professor

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

TBA

Computer Science 101

Nick Parlante

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

TBA

Planet Earth

Stephen Marshak

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

TBA
5 weeks long

Learn to Program: Crafting Quality Code

Jennifer Campbell, Paul Gries

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

TBA
7 weeks long

Intermediate Organic Chemistry - Part 1

Jeffrey S. Moore

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

TBA
10 weeks long

Analytical Chemistry

Vicki Colvin

RICE UNIVERSITY

TBA

Computer Vision: The Fundamentals

Jitendra Malik

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

TBA

How Things Work 1

Louis A. Bloomfield

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

TBA
8 weeks long

Rationing and Allocating Scarce Medical Resources

Ezekiel J. Emanuel, M.D., Ph.D.

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

TBA
8 weeks long

Control of Mobile Robots

Magnus Egerstedt

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TBA
6 weeks long

Healthcare Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Bob Barnes, Marilyn M. Lombardi

DUKE UNIVERSITY

TBA
5 weeks long

Creative, Serious and Playful Science of Android Apps

Lawrence Angrave

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

TBA
7 weeks long

Introductory Organic Chemistry - Part 2

Jeffrey S. Moore

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

TBA
6 weeks long

Algorithms: Design and Analysis, Part 1

Tim Roughgarden, Associate Professor

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Sera communiqué ultérieurement
8 weeks long

Introduction à la Programmation Objet (in French)

Enseignant: Sera communiqué ultérieurement

ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE

TBA

The Modern World: Global History since 1760

Philip Zelikow

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

TBA
7 weeks long

Game Theory

Matthew O. Jackson, Professor
Yoav Shoham, Professor

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

TBA
5 weeks long

Fundamentals of Online Education: Planning and Application

Fatimah Wirth

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TBA
10 weeks long

VLSI CAD: Logic to Layout

Rob A. Rutenbar

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

TBA
14 weeks long

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering

Don H. Johnson

RICE UNIVERSITY

TBA
5 weeks long

Equine Nutrition

Jo-Anne Murray

UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

TBA
9 weeks long

Energy 101

Sam Shelton

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TBA
7 weeks long

Introductory Organic Chemistry - Part 1

Jeffrey S. Moore

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

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Óscar Perfer, Perú Milenario Exposición Fotográfica @ JGB Hall Library Building

Perú milenario

Exposición fotográfica

El Perú milenario, sus encantos y misterios, se compilan en una serie fotográfica que será expuesta en la Biblioteca Departamental Jorge Garcés Borrero a partir del miércoles 5 de septiembre.

En el marco de la de la 18ª Feria del libro Pacífico, que se llevará a cabo en la Biblioteca Departamental, será inaugurada la exposición "INSTANTES" PERÚ MILENARIO 2012, del artista colombiano Óscar Perfer. La exhibición se relaciona con las imágenes sorprendentes de Machu Picchu, sus paisajes, entornos y misterios.

Juliana Garcés Saroli, directora de la Biblioteca Departamental, anunció que la Exposición fotográfica "INSTANTES" PERÚ MILENARIO 2012 será inaugurada a la una de la tarde del miércoles 5 de septiembre y que estará ubicada hasta el 1 de octubre con entrada libre para el público.

EL AUTOR

Óscar Perfer, Fotógrafo y diseñador gráfico.

Finalista REVELA COLOMBIA 2010 - 2011

Premio ANDIGRAF 2010, lo mejor de la industria gráfica

Calendario VINCENT VAN GOGH 12+1

· Premio ANDIGRAF 2004 lo mejor de la industria gráfica

· Calendario SALVADOR DALÍ 100 AÑOS

Avalado por la Fundación Gala - Salvador Dalí - VEGAP - España

· Premio ANDIGRAF 2004 lo mejor de la industria gráfica

· Premio ANDIGRAF 2005 lo mejor de la industria gráfica

Calendario COLOMBIA BELLA

· Premio PROPAL al Diseño Calendario Artistas 2004

· Premio ANDIGRAF 2006 lo mejor de la industria gráfica

Calendario MUSEO DE LOUVRE - PARIS

Fecha: septiembre 5 de 2012

estudioperfer.com Todos los derechos reservados 2012 - estudio perfer. 383 × 256 - 26 k - jpg_256 estudioperfer.com Todos los derechos reservados 2012 - estudio perfer. 428 × 256 - 54 k - jpg_256 flickrhivemind.net Bogot, Fake Tilt Shift (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: street nikon... 500 × 335 - 151 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net BOGOTA 2600 (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: night calle colombia bogota ... 380 × 500 - 221 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net BOGOTA 2600 (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: night calle colombia bogota ... 500 × 378 - 198 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net Santiago, Chile, Fake Tilt Shift (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: chile ... 500 × 335 - 136 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net PSAC_PER 7 w (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: machu picchu inca oscar ... 381 × 500 - 178 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net OLD AND WISE (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: madrid old portrait face ... 500 × 333 - 144 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net JAGUAR (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: portrait sky tree verde luz cali ... 332 × 500 - 176 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net FLORES Y MARIQUITA (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: portrait sky tree ... 332 × 500 - 194 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net FLORES AL AMANECER (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: portrait sky tree ... 500 × 332 - 107 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net HDR Lima (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: color peru church lima iglesia ... 500 × 335 - 202 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net OLD AND WISE (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: madrid old portrait face ... 333 × 500 - 121 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net OLD AND WISE (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: madrid old portrait face ... 333 × 500 - 139 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net NELLY_FURTADO_VIA_PERFER 1 (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: portrait ... 340 × 500 - 90 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net FESTIVAL DE TEATRO 2010 (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: festival azul ... 332 × 500 - 135 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net FESTIVAL DE TEATRO 2010 (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: festival azul ... 332 × 500 - 141 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net FESTIVAL DE TEATRO 2010 (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: festival azul ... 332 × 500 - 132 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net Rail (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) Tags: sky mountain azul tren colombia ... 500 × 500 - 223 k - jpg flickrhivemind.net CAR IN THE AIR - (Pink Floyd - 1970) Mazda Ad (E S T U D I O P E R F E R) 500 × 354 - 192 k - jpg

V Festival Audiovisual Estudio Takeshima @ FIX University Cultural Campus newsRus.com

V Festival Audiovisual Estudios Takeshima @ FIX University Cultural Campus newsRus.com

The Andean Parliament vs The Nordic Parliament on Court of Monarchs and Structures on Organized Crime

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Andean Parliament

• History: The question of of universal direct elections
• Power and competences

History: The question of of universal direct elections

The Andean Parliament is one of the key institutions of the Andean Integrated System and was created by the Treaty of La Paz on October, 25th 1979, ten years after the signature of the Cartagena Agreement. The Treaty came into force in 1984. The Parliament is meant to represent the peoples of the Community.
It established an original system as regards the election of the Members of Parliament with a transitory period which lasted from 1979 till 2003 and for two member states until now.
According to the provision of the Article 3 of the La Paz Treaty (also codified in the Decision 563 by the Andean Commission in 2003) the Members of Parliament were by then elected in an indirect way:

“ Up to the moment when the Adicional Protocol the previous Article refers to comes into force, the Andean Parliament will be constituted by five representantives elected by the respective legislative organs of the Contracting Parties in between its members, according to the procedure that each of them adopts with that scope.”

Until the 2003 reform, the Andean Parliament was constituted by five national MPs of each of the member states elected according to their own national regulations. So there were 25 MPs from 1979 to 2003 and 20 since Venezuela left the Community in 2006.
However, in 1997, the adoption of the “Additional Protocol to the Treaty establishing the Andean Parliament” changed the deal. Indeed, this protocol set up the new rules for MPs election using the derogatory process provided, since 1979, in the Treaty of La Paz, Article 2:

“The Andean Parliament wil be constituted by Representatives of the people of each one of the Cotracting Parties, chosen by universal and direct suffrage, according to the procedure that the Member States will adopt by an Aditional Protocol that will include the correct criteria of national represetation the Parties agree”.

To sum up, in 1979, Article 2 provides for an election regime much more binding for the states (universal and direct election) which will be organized later through the signature of a Protocol. Meanwhile, the regular system (selection by the legislative bodies amongst their MPs ) will be implemented.
In 1996, the Andean countries decided that the Andean Parliament will be elected, from 2001, through direct and universal elections. In two countries, Peru and Ecuador, they have already taken place. In the remaining countries, direct elections are either planned for the near future (Colombia) or subject to a previous constitutional review (Bolivia).

Power and competences

The Articles 12 and 13 of the La Paz Treaty of 1979 as well as the articles 11 and 12 of the additional protocol of 1996 deal with objectives and functions of the Parliament.
Basically, it is only a deliberative organ, it can examine strategies and policies (i.e: the progress of integration), promote action of cooperation, suggest actions, formulate recommendations on the Draft Annual budget, etc.
Even if, in some cases and since the 1996 reform, a Parliament decision is adopted with a simple majority of votes , in other cases (the majority of them) the Parliament's decisions required the absolute majority to be approved. The binding force of these decisions is considerably limited by the fact that the Parliament's decisions are only “recommendations”.
As for legislative initiative, the Parliament has a totally under estimated role: it does not even share the initiative with the Commission or the Secretariat.
Finally, the Andean Parliament is not comparable to a national Parliament, since the transfer of powers and competences are extremely limited and its mode of election is not direct and is heterogeneous, depending on each country´s internal institutions.

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The activities of the Centre for Studies
on Federalism are accomplished thanks to
the support of Compagnia di San Paolo

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Carlo Alberto College

©2001 - 2012 - Centro Studi sul Federalismo - P. IVA 94043580011

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